U.S. Intelligence on Europe, 1945-1995

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• Czechoslovakia x
• 1 2 Soviet divisions in Prague
• 1 30,000 Soviet troops in Prague
• 1 Activate additional border observation posts
• 4 Aerial reconnaissance
• 1 Agent networks
• 1 Agents
• 1 Agents arrested
• 1 Air access
• 1 Airborne forces
• 1 Airborne reconnaissance
• 1 Aircraft
• 2 Airfields
• 1 Airspace violation
• 1 Alarm in Moscow
• 5 Albania
• 17 Alexander Dubcek
• 1 Antagonism between Czechs and Slovaks
• 1 Anti-communist resistance organizations
• 1 Anti-Soviet developments
• 1 Antonin Novotny
• 1 Armed forces
• 1 Arms sales
• 1 Arrests of Czech political leaders
• 1 Artillery
• 1 Augmentation of US forces stationed on Czech border
• 7 Austria
• 1 Austrian radio broadcast
• 1 Ballistic missiles
• 3 Berlin
• 3 Board of National Estimates
• 1 BOLERO
• 1 Breakdown of negotiations
• 1 Brezhnev
• 1 British intelligence
• 2 British intelligence services
• 2 Buildup of Soviet troops in Prague
• 5 Bulgaria
• 1 Bulgarian coup
• 1 Bulgarian unrest
• 1 Cannot be confirmed
• 1 Captured documents
• 3 Car reconnaissance
• 3 Car reconnaissance of Prague
• 1 Center-left coalition win parliamentary elections
• 1 Chaff drops
• 1 Change in foreign policy
• 1 Check of Ruzyne military air base
• 1 Choking off political reforms in Eastern Europe
• 1 CIA
• 1 CIA Clandestine Service
• 1 CIA intelligence analysis
• 1 CIA military intelligence reporting
• 1 CIC
• 1 Cierna talks
• 1 Civic Forum
• 1 Civil unrest in France
• 1 Clandestine intelligence
• 1 Clandestine operation
• 1 Clandestine radio broadcasts
• 1 Clandestine radio traffic
• 1 Clandestine SIGINT
• 1 Closer alignment between Romania and Yugoslavia
• 1 Combat divisions
• 1 Commando units
• 1 Command structure
• 1 Committed suicide
• 1 Communications jamming
• 1 Constitutional referendum
• 1 Continuation of Soviet military threat
• 2 Counterintelligence
• 1 Counterintelligence Corps
• 1 Crisis deepening
• 1 CRITIC followup message
• 1 CRITIC message
• 1 Cuba
• 1 Cuban military forces
• 1 Czech air defense system
• 1 Czech air force officer
• 1 Czech armed forces
• 2 Czech border
• 1 Czech communist party
• 10 Czech Communist Party
• 1 Czech Communist Party Central Committee
• 1 Czech Communist Party congress
• 1 Czech Community Party
• 2 Czech crisis
• 1 Czech experiment
• 4 Czech government
• 1 Czech government’s dilemma
• 1 Czech liberalization policies could spread to other Warsaw Pact countries
• 1 Czech liberalization unacceptable to Moscow
• 1 Czech media
• 1 Czech military
• 1 Czech military forces
• 1 Czechoslovakian air force
• 1 Czechoslovakian army
• 1 Czech party congress
• 1 Czech-Slovak animosity
• 1 Czech-Soviet relations deteriorating
• 1 Czech-Soviet relations now fragile
• 15 Daily intelligence summary
• 1 Declining role of Czech Communist Party
• 1 Defection to West Germany
• 1 Defector
• 1 Defector Reception Center
• 1 Delays in ICBM program
• 1 Demand for free elections
• 2 Democratization process
• 1 Demotion
• 1 Denmark
• 1 Deteriorating relations with Soviet Union
• 1 Difficult problems
• 1 Diplomatic codes
• 1 Diplomatic flap
• 1 Diplomatic relations
• 1 Dismantling Stalinist controls
• 1 Dresden meeting
• 1 Drilling machines
• 1 Drought in Yugoslavia
• 1 Dubcek
• 1 Dubcek supporters being replaced
• 1 Dubcek visit to Hungary
• 1 Dubcek’s liberal manifesto
• 1 Dubcek’s manifesto
• 1 Dutch intelligence services
• 1 Eastern bloc slowly thawing
• 6 Eastern Europe
• 1 East German army
• 1 East German travel ban
• 1 East German uncertainty
• 20 East Germany
• 1 East-West trade
• 1 Economic background
• 1 Economic sanctions
• 1 Economy
• 1 Electronic warfare
• 2 ELINT
• 1 ELINT satellite
• 1 End of one-party rule
• 1 Erosion of Soviet power
• 1 European government positions
• 1 European press reporting
• 1 Exchange of views of Czech crisis
• 1 Factional infighting
• 1 Father Leiber
• 1 Felipe Gonzalez
• 1 Ferret aircraft
• 1 Fighter jets
• 1 Fighter regiments
• 1 Finland
• 2 Flight activity
• 1 Forced landing
• 1 Foreign and domestic political considerations
• 1 Foreign policy
• 1 Foreign relations
• 3 France
• 1 French foreign policy openings to Eastern Europe
• 1 French intelligence services
• 1 French military attache
• 1 Furth in Wald border crossing point
• 1 Geography
• 1 German border police
• 5 German-Czech border
• 13 Germany
• 1 Grave illness
• 1 Great Britain
• 2 Greece
• 1 Greek communist guerrillas
• 1 Greek General Staff
• 1 Greek intelligence services
• 1 Growing Soviet concern
• 3 GSFG
• 1 Harold Gibson
• 1 Harsh condemnation of Soviet invasion
• 2 Heightened alert status
• 3 Helicopter reconnaissance flights along Czech border
• 1 Helmut Kohl
• 1 High-level visits to Moscow
• 1 High-leve talks
• 12 HUMINT
• 1 Hungarian Community Party
• 10 Hungary
• 1 Hungary-Poland discussions
• 1 Ideology
• 1 Ignorant of intelligence operations
• 2 Illicit trade
• 1 Impact of dissent in Eastern Europe
• 1 Increased border surveillance
• 1 Increased combat readiness
• 1 Increased NATO intelligence effort against Soviets
• 1 Increased recruiting of informers
• 1 Increased Soviet political pressure
• 3 Increased surveillance
• 1 Increased surveillance activities
• 1 Increasing pressure on Czech government
• 3 Intelligence collection
• 1 Intelligence exploitation
• 1 Intelligence mission
• 2 Intelligence reporting
• 1 Intelligence review
• 1 Intensification of Soviet pressure
• 1 Intensified intelligence collection
• 1 Intercepts
• 1 Internal security capabilities
• 1 Interrogation
• 1 Intimidate Czech leadership
• 1 Invasion of Czechoslovakia
• 1 Israel
• 1 Italian Communist Party
• 1 Italian intelligence services
• 1 Italians strengthening security forces
• 4 Italy
• 1 Jamming of Czech radio broadcasts
• 1 Labor strikes
• 1 Lack of strategic warning
• 1 Leadership
• 1 Legal travelers
• 1 Leonid Brezhnev
• 1 Local government
• 1 Logistics
• 1 Loss of Czechoslovakia
• 2 Malta
• 1 Many European leaders on vacation
• 1 Marshal Tito
• 1 Martial law declared
• 1 Mazowiecki government
• 1 Metrans
• 1 MI-1 helicopter
• 2 MI6
• 1 Michael Heseltine
• 1 Michel Debre
• 1 Military alliance
• 1 Military attache reports
• 5 Military attaches
• 1 Military exercise
• 12 Military exercises
• 1 Military forces
• 1 Military installations in Prague
• 1 Military intervention
• 1 Missiles
• 1 Monetary reforms
• 1 Moscow meetings
• 1 Moscow opposition to liberalization
• 1 Moscow summit meeting with Dubcek
• 1 Moscow undermining Dubcek
• 1 Move to market economy
• 1 NATO
• 1 NATO military authorities
• 1 NATO ministers’ meeting
• 1 NATO referendum
• 1 Netherlands
• 1 New government acceptable to Kremlin
• 1 New military exercises
• 1 New wave of dissidence
• 1 No change in Czech military posture
• 1 No evidence of military intervention
• 1 No military intervention!
• 1 Nonconformist individuals
• 1 Northern Ireland
• 2 No troop movements
• 2 No unusual activities
• 1 Nuclear power plant
• 1 Nuclear weapons
• 4 Office of National Estimates
• 1 Opposition to Soviet occupation
• 1 Orders for no resistance to invaders
• 1 Organization
• 1 Ostpolitik
• 2 Outlook
• 1 Overflights
• 1 Overwelming popular support
• 1 Pace of domestic reforms
• 1 Partisan warfare
• 1 Party congress
• 1 Party congress delayed
• 4 PHOTINT
• 4 Photographic intelligence
• 1 Photo intelligence
• 1 Planned mass arrests
• 1 Plea for calm
• 1 Poland.East Germany
• 11 Poland
• 1 Polish ambassador to US in trouble
• 1 Polish government protest
• 1 Polish intelligence
• 1 Polish problems
• 1 Political activities in Czech and Polish armies
• 1 Political dissent
• 1 Political guidance required
• 1 Political purge
• 1 Political reforms
• 1 Political situation and trends
• 1 Popular discontent
• 1 Popular unrest
• 1 Positions hardening
• 1 Positions of European communist parties
• 1 Possibilities of change
• 1 Possible Soviets military intervention in Romania
• 1 Potential for break in diplomatic relations
• 1 Prague
• 2 Prague radio broadcasts
• 1 Prague Spring
• 1 Prague’s concessions
• 1 Preemptive nuclear strike
• 1 President Ludvik Svoboda
• 2 President Svoboda
• 1 Press announcement
• 1 Press reporting
• 1 Pressure campaign against Czechs
• 1 Pressure on Czechoslovak government
• 1 Prime Minister Cernik
• 1 Procurement of consumer goods
• 1 Protracted crisis
• 1 Public demonstrations
• 1 Radar jamming
• 1 Radars
• 1 Radio Free Europe
• 1 Railways
• 1 Reaction to assassination of Robert F. Kennedy
• 1 Readiness posture of US Army forces in Germany
• 1 Recall of ambassador
• 1 Reconnaissance satellites
• 2 Refugees
• 2 Rehabilitation law
• 1 Replace Dubcek
• 1 Reported Soviet troop buildup on Yugoslav border
• 1 Reserve mobilization
• 1 Restrictions on cargo shipments
• 1 Reunification
• 1 Right-wing sentiment in West German armed forces
• 3 Rising tensions
• 8 Romania
• 1 Romanian military mobilized
• 1 Romania’s opposition to the Warsaw Pact
• 1 Roots of dissidence
• 1 Ryzyne air base
• 1 SACEUR
• 1 Sale of MiG-29 fighters
• 1 SAM-equipped warships
• 2 Satellite imagery
• 2 Satellite reconnaissance
• 2 Scandinavia
• 1 Secret sources
• 1 September Czech party congress
• 1 Series production
• 1 Seriousness of Soviet warnings
• 1 Show of force
• 2 SIGINT
• 1 Situation quiet
• 2 Situation summary
• 1 Situation tense but calm
• 1 Size of invasion force unknown
• 1 Slansky trials
• 1 Small arms fire in Prague
• 2 Smuggling
• 1 Social reforms
• 2 Soviet airborne troops
• 1 Soviet air force flight activity
• 1 Soviet assessment of Dubcek
• 1 Soviet attitude hardening
• 1 Soviet-Bulgarian surveillance of US warships in Black Sea
• 1 Soviet calculations
• 1 Soviet concerns
• 1 Soviet control mechanisms
• 1 Soviet demands
• 1 Soviet disarmament campaign
• 1 Soviet foreign policy
• 1 Soviet intrusions into Greek territorial waters
• 7 Soviet invasion
• 2 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia
• 2 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia begins
• 1 Soviet invitation to Dubcek to come to Moscow
• 1 Soviet leaders
• 1 Soviet leadership
• 13 Soviet military
• 1 Soviet military buildup
• 1 Soviet military buildup along Czech border
• 1 Soviet military buildup on Czech border
• 3 Soviet military forces
• 2 Soviet military intervention
• 1 Soviet military pressure
• 1 Soviet mobilization
• 1 Soviet naval visit
• 1 Soviet navy
• 1 Soviet opposition
• 1 Soviet options
• 1 Soviet options narrowing
• 1 Soviet-picked government
• 1 Soviet policy options
• 1 Soviet political intervention
• 1 Soviet politics
• 1 Soviet propaganda
• 1 Soviet relationship with Antonin Novotny
• 1 Soviets costs of inaction
• 1 Soviets forming new Czech government
• 1 Soviets ready to invade Czechoslovakia
• 1 Soviet stake in Czechoslovakia
• 1 Soviets threaten military intervention
• 1 Soviets upgrading communications at air defense sites
• 1 Soviet support
• 1 Soviet troop convoys
• 5 Soviet troop movements
• 1 Soviet troop movements in Hungary
• 1 Soviet troops crossed into Poland
• 1 Soviet troops entering Czechoslovakia
• 5 Soviet troops in Czechoslovakia
• 1 Soviet troops returning from Czechoslovakia
• 1 Soviet troop strength in Czechoslovakia
• 8 Soviet Union
• 1 Soviet-Yugoslav relations
• 1 Spain
• 1 Special bank account
• 1 Stalinist purges
• 1 Star Wars
• 1 STELLA POLARIS
• 1 Strategic commodities
• 1 Strategic Defense Initiative
• 1 Strict security controls
• 1 Student unrest
• 1 Subversion
• 1 Surveillance of Czech military
• 4 Sweden
• 1 Switzerland
• 1 Tank production
• 1 Tanks
• 2 Targets
• 1 Technicians in Hungary
• 1 Telephone tapping
• 1 Teletype intercepts
• 2 Temporary restricted area
• 1 The Romanian problem
• 1 Threat of intervention in Romania
• 1 Threat of military action
• 5 Threat of military intervention
• 2 Threat of Soviet military intervention
• 1 Threat to Soviet influence in Czechoslovakia
• 1 Timeline of Czech crisis
• 1 Translation of secret Polish military document
• 1 Travel restrictions
• 1 Trip report
• 2 Trip reports
• 1 Troop buildup in East Germany
• 10 Troop dispositions
• 15 Troop movements
• 1 Troop movements in Hungary
• 1 Troop reductions
• 1 Troops on Czech border
• 1 Two Soviet divisions in Prague
• 1 U.S. Air Force
• 1 U.S. ambassador
• 1 U-2
• 1 UDBA
• 1 Umberto Broccoli
• 1 Uneasy truce with Moscow
• 1 Union Carbide
• 1 Unprecedented political reforms
• 1 USAF aircraft
• 1 US Army Counterintelligence Corps
• 3 US Army observation posts on Czech border
• 1 US interests
• 1 US military presence in Spain
• 1 USMLM
• 1 Vaclav Knotek
• 1 Vatican
• 1 Velvet Revolution
• 1 Visual reconnaissance missions
• 1 Vladimir Knotek
• 2 Walter Ulbricht
• 3 Warsaw Pact
• 1 Warsaw Pact maneuvers
• 1 Warsaw Pact summit meeting
• 1 War warnings
• 1 Weapons production
• 1 Weekly intelligence summary
• 1 Western Europe
• 1 West Germany
• 1 Westland affair
• 1 What do they want
• 1 Who are the dissidents
• 1 Widespread dissatisfaction
• 1 Withdrawal of Soviet military forces
• 1 World Youth Festival in Sofia
• 1 Yugoslav foreign minister visit to Prague
• 8 Yugoslavia
• 1 Yugoslavian intelligence services